Benchmarks
The research desk keeps a running set of benchmarks for the numbers that show up on sales calls, in IC memos, and in customer conversations. This page is the single source of truth. Every number cites a public filing or a named analyst report.
Market scale
US DC capex through 2030
$3 trillion
McKinsey, 2025
US DC pipeline end-of-2025
241 GW
Wood Mackenzie Q4 2025
Up from 93 GW a year earlier.
Projects blocked or delayed
$64B+
S&P Global, since 2023
Q2 2025 projects blocked/delayed
$98B
Data Center Watch
More than all prior quarters combined since tracking started.
Monthly delay cost per 60 MW project
$14.2M
Cliffcenter internal model
Hyperscaler Azure GPU backlog (Microsoft)
$80B
Satya Nadella, 2026
DC consulting services market (2025)
$7.73B
IMARC
Projected 2035 DC consulting market
$12.4B
IMARC
Queue and interconnection
US total queue backlog
2,600 GW
LBNL, 2025
Queue projects reaching COD within 3 years
~10%
LBNL, 2025
PJM queue
~195 GW
PJM 2025 interconnection report
MISO queue
~312 GW
MISO 2025 queue report
SPP queue
~110 GW
SPP 2025 queue report
NYISO queue
~75 GW
NYISO 2025 report
CAISO queue
~370 GW
CAISO 2025 interconnection report
ISO-NE queue
~55 GW
ISO-NE 2025 interconnection report
ERCOT large-load queue (Feb 2026)
226 GW
ERCOT board filing
4× YoY; 73% data centers.
Dominion delivery point requests
70 GW
Virginia SCC docket
Against 24.7 GW all-time peak load.
CenterPoint Energy large-load growth
700% YoY
CenterPoint filings, 2024
From 1 GW to 8 GW in one year.
CAISO median time to COD
9.2 years
LBNL queue report
NYISO median time to COD
6.53 years
NYISO 2024 annual report
PJM median time to COD
>8 years
LBNL queue report
Capacity markets
PJM 2025 capacity auction total
$16.4B
PJM capacity auction results
Record high.
PJM auction cap clearing
$333.44/MW-day
FERC cap applied in 2025 auction
PJM 2025 capacity shortfall
6,623 MW
PJM capacity auction results
Data center share of PJM capacity cost
$6.5B (40%)
PJM auction analysis
PJM load growth attributed to data centers through 2030
94%
PJM planning documents
Ohio AEP load forecast under 85% tariff
-81%
PUCO filing, Feb 2026
30 GW → 5.7 GW after the tariff took effect.
Incentives
US DC incentive programs indexed
427
Cliffcenter atlas
Annual DC incentives (top 15 states)
$3–4B
State comptroller filings
Virginia DCRSUT annual exemption
$732M
JLARC 2023 audit
Texas DC subsidies in 2025
$1B+
Texas Comptroller
Georgia DC sales tax exemption, 2025
$296M
Georgia Department of Revenue
Georgia Power approved expansion
9,885 MW
Georgia PSC, Dec 2025
Indiana IEDC single-meeting approval
$168M
IEDC June 2025 board minutes
4 projects, ~$4B total investment.
DOE §1706 Energy Dominance Financing authority
$250B
DOE October 2025 interim final rule
Expires September 30, 2028.
BTM and co-location
Existing BTM sites needing re-filing
46
FERC 12/18/2025 order
Combined BTM capacity
56 GW
FERC filings, 2025
Distinct regulatory filing categories per deal
17
Cliffcenter regulatory graph
Talen-AWS Susquehanna restructure timeline
18 months
FERC docket ER24-2172
Talen-AWS restructured retail PPA
$18B, 17 years
Talen announcement
Constellation-Microsoft TMI PPA
$1.6B, 835 MW
Constellation / Microsoft announcement
McKinsey share of BTM for 2030 incremental DC demand
25–33%
McKinsey projection
On-site generation share by 2030
38%
Bloom Energy projection
Up from 13% today.
Water and environmental
Ohio EPA NPDES draft (first-in-nation)
OHD000001
Ohio EPA, Jan 2026
Comment period closed January 16, 2026.
Arizona Governor water fee proposal
$0.10 / gallon
Arizona Governor's office, Feb 2026
States expected to adopt NPDES general permits for DCs
8–12
Cliffcenter tracking
California clean electricity target (SB 100)
100% by 2045
California SB 100
New York clean energy target (CLCPA)
70% by 2030
CLCPA
Opposition and moratoriums
Active grassroots groups (baseline)
142
Data Center Watch, 2025
States with active opposition
24+
Cliffcenter tracking
State DC bills filed in 2026 (6 weeks)
300+
Multistate tracker
Maine LD 307 moratorium
>20 MW banned through Nov 2027
Maine Senate / House votes
Oklahoma SB 1488 moratorium
>100 MW banned through Nov 2029
Oklahoma legislature
Coal plants retiring in five years
~120
EIA retirement schedule
Homer City conversion campus
$10B
Homer City Redevelopment
Cliffcenter platform
Queue Intelligence Starter
$4,500 / project / month
Published pricing
Queue Intelligence Developer
$18,000 / month
Published pricing
Incentive Optimization Atlas
$2,200 / month
Published pricing
Incentive Optimization per-filing
$15,000 / filing
Published pricing
BTM Workflow per-deal
$75,000 / deal
Published pricing
BTM Workflow Program
$420,000 / year
Published pricing
Site Intelligence Browse
$3,500 / user / month
Published pricing
Site Intelligence Diligence
$14,000 / month
Published pricing
Predevelopment Services Site Memo
$25,000 / engagement
Published pricing
Predevelopment Services Full Predevelopment
$125,000 / engagement
Published pricing
ISO playbooks shipped
7
Queue Intelligence
State briefs shipped
10
Incentive Optimization
Public site index samples
3
Site Intelligence
Full research articles published
6
Cliffcenter research
Benchmarks
We add benchmarks every week based on customer conversations and the research desk's tracking. Email the research desk with the number you need and we'll add it to the next update.